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Stratis Monthly Update #3

April was an incredibly busy period at Stratis. With the continued development and testing of the Sidechain Masternodes being undertaken, there was a lot of preparation that went into exhibiting at the London Global Expo.

Development Update

During April it was agreed that we would bring the Sidechain codebase into the Full Node. This allowed development to progress whilst ensuring overall stability through the host of tests that are in place. A total of 76 commits were made to the codebase during April, this consisted of changes being made to over 350 files with 8,911 additions of code.
The development on the Full Node primarily focused on the Sidechains Masternode codebase, with the upcoming release both the development and testing teams have made significant progress in ensuring the Sidechain Masternodes are ready for release as soon as possible.
A summary of key developments during the month of April can be found below:

    • Enhanced shutdown sequence
    • Increased verbosity of Smart Contract logging
    • Experimentation of various database technologies to offer alternative storage options for clients
    • Enhanced throughput of cross-chain transfers
    • Stabilisation of the federation wallet and cross-chain transfers by achieving deterministic transaction creation
    • Improvements to transaction lookup performance

Utilization of the Stratis Coherence Suite across the development team is something that has been key during April. Testing the blockchain should never be limited to the validation of agreed node communication protocol. In the Stratis network there are two officially supported types of node implementations which behave slightly differently. This all makes low-level testing a crucial part of the overall delivery.
Stratis has extended the Wireshark Bitcoin Protocol Dissector to match changes introduced to Stratis Protocol on the top of original Bitcoin implementation. Stratis Protocol dissector is one of the primary tools we use when analysing and diagnosing issues between nodes at a network level.

The essence of the blockchain is the transactions which make up blocks. Since the transactions are represented as binary data in a HEX notation it would be very difficult to work with them in that format. The Stratis Transaction Builder is a tool that is used to provide a meaningful view of the individual blockchain transactions as well as help us create non-standard transactions.
The interface maps the parts of the transaction HEX to the decoded value so that when the transaction is edited using one of the human readable values the HEX code updates automatically.

Stratis impressed the crowds at “Blockchain Expo – Global” in London

2019 is all about acquiring enterprise customers for Stratis. After two years in development, all key modules of the Stratis platform went live in 2018, so the London edition of the Blockchain Expo global series of events was a great opportunity for Stratis to raise their profile on 25th/26th April.
Many visitors told us our stand was the best at the show. As a Platinum Sponsor of the event, Stratis was there in force, both on the booth and in the conference tracks.
Stratis subject matter experts, Paul Farrington and Rowan de Haas, presented “DLT for the Enterprise” and “Smart Contracts as Rules for Money – a Case Study” to packed arenas.

Rowan’s talk showcased work he recently led to put trade payments in the Construction Industry on the Stratis blockchain for Wildara, an Australian project management consultancy. The project demonstrated that the Stratis blockchain can automate Supply Chain payments as soon as deliveries for cement or any other project activities have been completed, removing administration, speeding the process and ensuring regulatory compliance for the parties involved.
The other item premiered by Stratis at the show was the Stratis Coherence Suite of testbed tools. As Stratis CEO, Chris Trew, observed:

When we developed the Stratis Platform we also built a testing suite optimized for blockchain, enabling us to move fast and provide transparency – we quickly realized this is something everyone building a blockchain network will need and the Stratis Coherence Suite was born.

The suite provides a set of viewers that can be dragged and dropped to provide real-time insight into areas such as network topography, chain status and node statistics, along with a set of transaction tools to create test data and aid investigation.
The Stratis team welcomed a continuous stream of visitors to the stand during both days of the expo, including many large enterprises interested in the value blockchain can bring to their businesses. Badges were scanned and every one of them has been followed up, with many conversations already in progress and meetings scheduled over the coming weeks. Based on the success in London, the team is already targeting a major event later in the year to take the Stratis experience to one of the other key regions of the world.
There was also additional collateral created for Stratis as a result of the London Expo, this included product specific leaflets, a promotional video and a number of giveaways to people visiting the stand. The promotional video can be found below, as well as all other collateral showcased at the expo.

Presentations

Rowan DeHaas – Stratis Smart Contracts as Rules for Money
Paul Farrington – Stratis DLT for the Enterprise

Leaflets

Stratis C# Full Node
Stratis Coherence Suite
Stratis DLT
Stratis ICO Platform
Stratis Smart Contracts in C#
Stratis Use Case – Gluon
Stratis Use Case – MediConnect
Stratis Use Case – Wildara

Sidechain Masternode Applications

As we move closer to the release of Sidechain Masternodes, we can now move onto the final stage of registration and define Federated Members for network creation.
During the registration process, there was a requirement to submit a STRAT address that contained the relevant amount of collateral for the selected Sidechain Masternode tier.
To complete the registration process, applicants must prove ownership of the collateral address that was originally provided. There will be a 5-day window in which the applicants can prove ownership of the collateral address.
This final step of registration will need to be undertaken between the 6th May 2019 and 10th May 2019.
To prove ownership, you will need to follow the below process.

      1. Ensure you still have your FederationKey.dat file and know the passphrase
      2. Identify the Collateral Address you provided during registration
      3. Send the collateral requirement to the collateral address you provided

If the collateral amount already exists within the provided collateral address, simply send the entire balance back to the provided address.
After the 10th May 2019, Federated Members will be defined for the Cirrus Sidechain.
Please note that in no instances will Stratis attempt to contact you requesting you to send funds to an address.

Stratis 2019 Development Roadmap

Today we are pleased to announce our development roadmap for the remainder of 2019. The roadmap focuses on both adoption of the Stratis Platform and an increase in utilization of the Stratis Token.

Java and JavaScript Support

Introducing support of new programming languages inherently increases the audience that the Stratis Platform appeals to. The addition of this support will enable a new development community who are not familiar with the Microsoft .NET Core framework to interact with and develop on the Stratis ecosystem.

Breeze Privacy Protocol for STRAT

The further development of the Breeze Privacy Protocol will include a new version of the Breeze Wallet with enhanced security. In addition, we are working on bringing Segregated Witness support to the Stratis network to enable native Privacy Protocol support.

Proof-of-Stake Sidechains

The introduction of further consensus algorithms for Stratis Sidechains will grant even more bespoke use-cases on the Stratis Platform. We envision the development of further consensus algorithms on Stratis Sidechains will negate the requirement for the forking of source code. This will drive collaboration and encourage development on the already established Stratis codebase.

Sidechain Masternodes

Stratis Sidechain Masternodes will enable holders of the Stratis Token to operate as a block producer on a Stratis Sidechain. The first Sidechain Masternodes will be on the Cirrus Sidechain network, these Masternodes will earn rewards from transactions fees and smart contracts executed on the network.

Stratis STO Platform

Whilst we firmly believe there is still a market for Initial Coin Offerings (ICO), Stratis will extend the functionality of the Stratis ICO Platform to cater for the regulatory requirements needed to conduct a Security Token Offering (STO).
The support for STO’s will also bring additional features to the ICO Platform, with the inclusion of the platform being Smart Contract aware. This will allow token issuance contracts to be utilized during a crowdfund.

Stratis Core 2.0

The release of Stratis Core 2.0 will incorporate new features that will enable interaction with other components within the Stratis ecosystem. The focus of this update is to continue to provide a simple user-experience from within the GUI, allowing users to manage their tokens and deploy new smart contracts with ease.
These features include:

  • Token awareness to cater for tokens issued on a sidechain
  • Validation and deployment of a smart contract
  • Voting capability to interact with deployed sidechains

Stratis Mobile Wallet

A mobile application that caters for the sending and receiving of the Stratis Token will be delivered for both Android and iOS. This mobile wallet will allow users to simply transact on their mobile device utilizing a secure, functional and elegant mobile application.

Stratis Payment Gateway

Stratis will develop a Payment Gateway that can be deployed by third-parties to utilize the STRAT token as a form of payment. The payment gateway will be designed to allow other tokens launching on the Stratis Platform to seamlessly implement the Stratis Payment Gateway for their requirements.

Unity SDK Integration

Unity is the creator of the world’s most widely used real-time 3D development platform. Stratis will provide an SDK for Unity developers, enabling the utilization of the Blockchain during game development. This unleashes a wide range of functionality for in-game token and asset markets where the blockchain is a perfectly suited technology.

The above development activities represent the core work that will take place at Stratis over the remaining course of this year. There are additional internal developments that we aim to deliver within the coming months, which will be detailed in due course.

Stratis Sidechain Masternodes

The application process for the Cirrus Sidechain Masternodes has now come to an end. A great amount of interest has been received which has resulted in a significant number of Masternodes being assigned. The development of the Sidechain Masternodes is also drawing to a close, making this a great opportunity to offer a lower-level explanation as to how the network will operate and also what features to expect.

On-Chain Voting

An important development of the Stratis Sidechains solution is the inclusion of on-chain voting. This enables dynamic management of the chain. On-chain voting can and will be further extended to cater for a wide variety of functionality on a sidechain. Currently the functionality is limited to the below.
• Request of Addition Federated Membership
• Request of Removal from Federated Membership
• Approval of a Smart Contract
• Disapproval of a Smart Contract

Operation

Operating a Masternode consists of running and maintaining two nodes, one for each network. These nodes are a little different from the Stratis Full Node and include additional features that allow for bi-directional communication between the respective chain nodes.
To ensure consistency, we have utilized PowerShell Core to deliver a deployment script, due to the cross-platform support that PowerShell Core brings. The script will configure and launch the two nodes required for Masternode operation, requiring user intervention, ensuring that any sensitive information is not stored locally or entered into a browser. Upon the release of the Masternode’s for the Cirrus Sidechain, full documentation will be provided.
Day-to-Day operation of the node can be performed via the Sidechain Dashboard. The dashboard provides an informative page detailing the Masternode’s activity and status. Allowing a Masternode operator to act upon outstanding votes on the network, increase logging for troubleshooting and display wallet balances for transaction fees obtained.
As time progresses, we aim to deliver a fully functional user-interface that behaves similar to wallet, catered for the operation of a Masternode.

Collateral

Ensuring the security of both the Stratis Mainchain and Cirrus Sidechain whilst incentivising the operation of nodes is something that is very important for both Stratis and the operators of a Masternode. As a direct result of received feedback, we have successfully implemented an additional consensus rule that will validate the balance of a given collateral address on the Stratis Mainchain. This crucial development ensures that Masternode operators can continue to stake their collateral, inherently further securing the Stratis Mainchain whilst actively operating a Sidechain Masternode on the Sidechain.
During the registration process, you would have provided a STRAT address that contained the amount of collateral required for the relevant Masternode. This address will be tied to your public key, upon the production of a block, a check will be made ensuring that the balance remains above the set collateral amount. If the balance of the provided address does not meet the collateral requirement a block will not be produced. If this continues for subsequent blocks, the public key will be removed from the Federation. If this occurs, you will have to perform a new registration on-chain, this request is then approved by the remaining Federated Members. Once 51% of existing Federated Members vote for the addition, the public key will be included in the next cycle of block production.

How do I get Cirrus Tokens?

The Cirrus Sidechain is a Two-Way Federated Peg, meaning that it is connected with the Stratis Mainchain. Therefore, each Cirrus Token maintains a 1:1 ratio with the Stratis Token. Along with the release of the Sidechain Masternode’s there will be an update performed to Stratis Core, this update will introduce a new tab that will enable you to transfer STRAT from the Stratis Mainchain to the Cirrus Sidechain, crediting you with 1 CRS Token per each STRAT transferred.

Stratis Monthly #2

Another month has passed since our initial monthly update. This month the focus has primarily revolved around the development of the Sidechain Masternode.

Full Node Development

During the month of March, the Stratis Full Node team has delivered 2 releases. A total of 124 Pull Requests were merged into the codebase during this period.
Development for the most part continued to focus on stability and performance of the Full Node. In addition, attention has been drawn to RPC capabilities to ensure readiness of exchanges transitioning to the Full Node. This is a crucial step in moving to a network secured entirely by the Stratis Full Node.
The most notable changes and enhancements to the Full Node is listed below:

  • Addition of RPC methods for exchange support
  • Addition of various API endpoints
  • Denial-of-Service prevention
  • Improvements to the node’s Peer-to-Peer layer
  • On-going improvements to our unit and integration test suite
  • Reduced memory footprint

The latest version of the Stratis Core wallet contains the 3.0.3 version of the Full Node and can be obtained from our wallets page below.
Stratis Wallets

Sidechain Development

The development of Masternode features is nearing completion, including key developments to greatly improve the end-user experience.
Major developments during March can be found below:

  • Added functionality to Sidechain Dashboard
  • Creation of PowerShell Core setup script
  • Design of on-chain registration
  • Implementation of collateral management
  • Implementation of voting endpoints

A preview of the Sidechain Dashboard can be found below, the dashboard will be used to monitor and manage the Sidechain Masternode.

Privacy Protocol for STRAT

As mentioned in our community Discord last week, we are actively developing a Privacy Protocol solution for STRAT.
The further development of the Privacy Protocol will include a new version of the Breeze Wallet with enhanced security. In addition, we are working on bringing Segregated Witness support to the Stratis network to enable native Privacy Protocol support.
These are exciting developments that will bring further utility to the Stratis Token, offering the ability to improve the level of privacy with the STRAT token.

Full Node on Microsoft Azure

As a result of our relationship with Microsoft we received a Tweet from the Microsoft Azure twitter account highlighting the Stratis Full Node’s availablility on the Azure Marketplace.

London Blockchain Expo Global 2019

In less than four weeks, the Blockchain Expo Global 2019 will kick off. It’s an exciting time for us particularly as we will be arriving with several innovations under our belt. The Blockchain Expo Global is all about showcasing where blockchain is heading, and we have speakers scheduled to talk about two key Stratis technologies: Smart Contracts and DLT.

Stratis is once again a Platinum Sponsor for this event and will be showcasing our newly designed booth and can be found on stand 461.
Be sure you visit by obtaining a ticket from https://blockchain-expo.com/global/

Blockchain for Enterprise

The way enterprises store and process data doesn’t stay static. New technologies disrupt the status quo. Imagine 10 years from now. It is not far-fetched to predict that ideas currently in their infancy will, by then, have established dominance. Blockchain, with its inherent redefinition of how valuable assets are stored and accessed is one of those technologies.
Blockchain, as devised for Bitcoin, was used to store an abstract asset. The network was public, provided a level of anonymity, and was decentralized in a way that fitted Bitcoin’s philosophy. However, enterprise assets often exist in the real world in a situation where there is good reason to know who has the rights to access the data. A dogmatic approach won’t work; developing blockchain for the enterprise requires that you cherry-pick blockchain innovations, and adapt them, on a case-by-case basis.
Stratis is positioned at the heart of the blockchain industry and its focus is the enterprise. So, let’s explore some of the ways we see blockchain and the enterprise coming together over the next few years.

Moving forward with people you thought were your competitors

Who to trust with your data can be an issue for enterprises, and this issue has led to enterprises not cooperating with other entities. In these situations, data can be duplicated from organization to organization while, at the same time, the risk of being out-of-sync with other data sources remains. Blockchain has been described as “trustless” largely because one of Bitcoin’s innovations was to enable you to transact with a level of anonymity; when everybody has an immutable copy of the data, that’s all you need to know who has what before and after a transaction. Although anonymity is not usually desirable on a blockchain designed for enterprises, the design behind an enterprise blockchain is still unique in that it reduces the level of trust required by participating organizations. Providing an environment where an enterprise can share data with an organization they do not “trust” showcases one of blockchain’s revolutionary cornerstones in an enterprise setting.

Sharing can drive new value in a consortium

Enterprises need to work with official legislation. If the behaviour of the organization is called into question or in the case of a routine audit, it is fundamental that the data depicts the truth. The permissioned model often used by enterprise blockchain allows for a selective transparency. This enables regulatory bodies to hold and access sensitive data as and when required. However, transparency is not a blockchain’s only advantage here. The shared data approach can also help build towards a uniformed, standardized approach to regulation across an industry sector. Pioneering enterprises, who understand the need for regulation, can adopt a blockchain-based strategy which, for example, could receive widespread adoption relatively soon after 50% of the industry sector is signed up.

Not every blockchain solution needs a crypto token

Sometimes blockchain and cryptocurrency tokens are mentioned as if they are inseparable. This isn’t the case. For some business models there is no requirement for a token, and Stratis can implement a DLT solution on a private network to suit these models. However, some enterprises might benefit from some form of token. The token could potentially be listed on a cryptocurrency exchange, on the other hand, it could have a more limited distribution. Rethinking the token as a store of value for enterprises could involve loyalty point schemes and micro-payments, with an emphasis on value and convenience for customers rather than speculation.

Disruptive technologies require radical enablement

Blockchain innovations can also go hand-in-hand with other emergent technologies. The Internet of Things (IoT) is turning formerly dumb objects into sophisticated sensors capable of both streaming and processing data. Machine learning is being applied to these data flows to identify trends and discover previously hidden correlations and connections. A central question here is which method of data storage can facilitate this influx of data, which has such applicability to enterprises. The very fact the IoT opens so many possibilities makes the idea of holding it in traditional out-of-date data silos. Blockchain can, however, evolve with IoT.

You need to do things differently if you want a different result

Enterprises demand that technology serves them and brings visible benefits.
Adapting blockchain to create data solutions for enterprises requires a flexible mindset that takes the strengths of blockchain, as applicable to each case. Perhaps most importantly, blockchain also gives enterprises the opportunity to take another look at their data strategy in tandem with other players in their industry sector.

Stratis Full Node 3.0.2

The Stratis Full Node 3.0.2 is now available. A significant amount of work has gone into this release to ensure the stability of the node and includes a total of 475 individual commits from our initial production release.
A brief summary of the key items addressed in this release can be found below:

  • Reduced memory footprint
  • Denial-of-Service prevention
  • Improvement of Peer-to-Peer networking
  • Addition of  various API endpoints
  • Addition of RPC methods for exchange support

In addition to the release of the Stratis Full Node, an updated version of Stratis Core is also immediately available.
Stratis Core 1.1.0 focuses on improving the user-experience based on comments and issues raised by the community and is now the recommended wallet for staking on the Stratis mainchain. The ability to send to a sidechain has also been included in this release of Stratis Core, catering for Cirrus sidechain once Sidechain Masternodes have been deployed.
The adoption of Stratis Core will lead to the enablement of Cold-Staking on the Stratis mainchain, allowing holders of the Stratis Token to stake whilst their funds remain secure in an offline wallet. This release is a pivotal step towards becoming a blockchain entirely operated by nodes running on the .NET Framework.
A guide detailing how to migrate from StratisX to Stratis Core can be found below
https://www.stratisplatform.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Migrating-to-Stratis-Core.pdf

Resources

The Stratis Full Node 3.0.2 can be deployed on Azure via the Azure Marketplace
https://azuremarketplace.microsoft.com/en-us/marketplace/apps/stratis-group-ltd.stratis-csharp-fullnode
The branch for the Stratis Full Node 3.0.2 can be obtained on GitHub
https://github.com/stratisproject/StratisBitcoinFullNode/releases/tag/v3.0.2.0
Stratis Core 1.1.0 can be downloaded from our Wallets page
https://www.stratisplatform.com/wallets/

Stratis Monthly #1

This is the first of our monthly updates and will provide an overview of the development and testing progress at Stratis.

Full Node Development

The Full Node has seen a vast amount of enhancements over the last month, primarily focusing on stability. The most notable developments can be found below.

  • Substantial enhancements to bandwidth consumption
  • Spamming and denial-of-service attack tolerance has been greatly improved
  • Various improvements to combat syncing edge-case scenarios
  • Node fault reporting improvements
  • API can now be accessed on start-up
  • Improvements to our unit and integration test suite (of over 2600 tests)
  • Improved wallet balance reporting
  • Various connectivity updates to the node’s API and RPC method implementations

Sidechain Development

With the recent announcement of the Cirrus Masternodes, development has primarily focused on stability and user experience. Highlights of the development can be found below.

  • Improved testing of sidechain components
  • Refactoring of federation withdrawals
  • Re-design of leader selection functionality
  • Integration of latest Proof-of-Authority design

Smart Contracts Development

Smart Contracts development has continued since the production release. A highlight of the most recent items can be found below.

  • Optimal repository structure defined
  • Enhancements to Smart Contracts testing tool “MockChain” resulting in improved test stability
  • Improved user-experience via API documentation and returned messages in HTTP responses
  • Ability to verify contracts on a network
  • Network parameter adjustments to account for upcoming Sidechain Masternodes joining the network

Testing

The experience of the team at Stratis has resulted in the development of a suite of internal testing tools to assist with the functional testing of our products. These tools enable Stratis to push our products outside of normal use-cases, instilling confidence in stability and responsiveness.
The Stratis Full Node has been extensively tested, utilizing the internally developed NetworkViewer.

The NetworkViewer constantly monitors all nodes via API and RPC calls, TCP dumps, log hooks and produces statistics and charts at a per node level.
This rigorous test process ensures nodes can perform all basic network operations i.e. IBD, synchronization, transaction propagation, mining, fork recovery, etc. In addition, the environment is subjected to adverse network conditions not typically experienced on the mainchain i.e. broadcasting large number of transactions, long multichain reorg, etc.

Cirrus Sidechain Masternodes Applications

An application form to register interest in operating a Masternode on the Cirrus Sidechain whilst continuing to earn staking rewards from the Stratis Mainchain was announced. More information regarding how you can register can be found below.

Stratis Sidechain Application

James DeGale Sponsorship

Stratis had the pleasure of sponsoring former Two-Time IBF World Super-Middleweight Champion, James DeGale in his highly anticipated bout with Chris Eubank Jr.

Image result for james degale stratis

Stratis Brand Awareness

Our partner, MediConnect have received a significant amount of mainstream media attention with the announcement of their blockchain solution utilizing the Stratis Platform. This has seen Stratis mentioned in prime-time slots on TalkSport, the world’s biggest sports radio station and publications in major tabloids, including The Sun and The Mirror.
The MediConnect ICO Public Sale begun on the 20th February and will run through until 15th May. You can register to take part in the MediConnect ICO using the below link.
https://ico.mediconnect.io

Stratis Sidechain Application

As mentioned in our Stratis Sidechain Masternode announcement last week, to progress the allocation of Masternodes for the Cirrus Sidechain, an application form would be made available to begin the enrolment process.
You can now apply to become a Masternode operator on the Cirrus sidechain by completing the form on the below page.
https://www.stratisplatform.com/sidechain-application/
You will need to run the Stratis KeyGen utility that can be obtained via the below link.
Stratis Keygen Utility
The application process will be available until the 31st March 2019.
In addition to making the application form available, Stratis has incorporated design changes to the collateral requirement for both Masternode Tiers. We are happy to announce the collateral will now be held within a Stratis Mainchain wallet allowing token holders to continue staking whilst securing the Cirrus Sidechain.
This decision was made based on the feedback from the community on the original announcement and enables holders of the Stratis token to continue gaining staking rewards on the Stratis Mainchain whilst operating a Masternode.
Information regarding the hardware requirements for operating a Masternode and key dates will be announced after the imminent major release of Stratis Core.

Stratis Sidechain Masternodes

Stratis is pleased to announce the highly anticipated lower tier Masternodes that will support the Cirrus sidechain. The Cirrus sidechain is the first sidechain pegged to the Stratis mainchain where Smart Contracts in C# will be deployed.
The latest addition to Stratis Masternodes allows holders of the Stratis Token to operate as two different types nodes on the Cirrus sidechain. This in turn will result in operators obtaining fees for both transactions and smart contracts that execute on the chain.
Initially, there will be two tiers of Sidechain Masternodes that will maintain the Cirrus sidechain.
Cirrus Chain Federated Masternode
A Cirrus Chain Federated Masternode can produce blocks on the Cirrus chain, earning transactional fees and GAS costs for smart contracts executed on the chain.
There is a 10,000 STRAT collateral requirement in place to be eligible to become a Cirrus Chain Federated member.
Cirrus Chain Multi-Sig Masternode
Similar to a Cirrus Chain Federated Masternode, a Multi-Sig Masternode can also produce blocks on the Cirrus Chain. In addition, these Masternodes form the multi-signature address that secures the chain.
There is a 50,000 STRAT collateral requirement in place to be eligible to become a Cirrus Chain Multi-Sig MasterNode.
The number of Masternodes that can operate on the Cirrus sidechain is currently limited to 101 members to ensure a level of decentralization as multiple entities will be producing blocks on the chain. We will soon release dynamic federation membership allowing nodes to join and/or leave the Federation, further increasing the decentralisation of the Cirrus chain and allowing additional nodes.
The collateral amount for both Masternodes will need to be held within a wallet on the sidechain to meet the collateral requirements.
On the 6th of March, Stratis will be revealing a submission page where you can express your interest to become a Cirrus Masternode and provide your Cirrus public key. A simple command line tool will be released prior to this submission page becoming available.

What is PoA?

Proof-of-Authority is consensus algorithm that can be used instead of Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake.
It does not depend on nodes solving arbitrarily difficult mathematical problems, but instead uses a set of “Masternodes” – that are explicitly allowed to create new blocks and secure the blockchain. This makes it easier to maintain a private chain and keep the block issuers accountable. Also, PoA is more predictable since blocks are issued at steady time intervals.

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